Foldable display apparatus and method of manufacturing the same

ABSTRACT

A foldable display apparatus, a method of manufacturing the same, and a controlling method of the same are disclosed. The foldable display apparatus includes a substrate including a metal thin film and an insulating layer provided on the metal thin film, an organic light-emitting unit formed on the substrate and emitting light in an direction away from the substrate, and a thin film encapsulating layer for encapsulating the organic light-emitting unit. The foldable display apparatus may be folded in a direction such that the metal thin film is exposed.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/098,949, filed on Dec. 6, 2013, which claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2013-0086252, filed on Jul. 22, 2013, which is hereby incorporated in reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein.

BACKGROUND

Field

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to a foldable display apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same.

Discussion of the Background

Due to technological advancements in the field of display apparatuses, recent research and development has focused on transformable display apparatuses. Some of these display apparatuses may be transformed into various shapes and sizes. For example, some display apparatuses may be folded, rolled, or stretched, even during use. These displays have the advantage of making a large-sized display smaller for ease of transport and storage.

The transformable display apparatus may be transformed into a preset shape or may be transformed into various shapes depending on the specific needs of the user. Thus, in order to display an image correctly when the display apparatus is transformed, it is necessary for the display device to recognize and control the transformed shape of the display apparatus according to the recognized shape.

As a result of the transformation of the display apparatus, however, performance of the display may be negatively affected, or certain properties of the display may be damaged or impaired. Since flexible materials such as plastics are used in the construction of a transformable display apparatus, defects such as the generation of irregular curl, wrapping phenomenon at the display edges, or other distortion may occur with use. Thus, reliability and safety of the display apparatus are increased when changes in display transformation, performance, and damage prevention to the display apparatus are monitored and decreased.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention include a foldable display apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same. Technical objects of exemplary embodiments are not limited to those described above. However, other objects may be inferred from the following exemplary embodiments.

Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments.

According to one or more exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a foldable display apparatus includes a substrate including a metal thin film and an insulating layer provided on the metal thin film, an organic light-emitting unit formed on the substrate and emitting light away from the substrate, and a thin film encapsulating layer surrounding the organic light-emitting unit. The foldable display apparatus may be folded in a direction of exposing the metal thin film outside.

According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, a method of manufacturing a foldable apparatus includes forming an insulating layer, forming an organic light-emitting unit on the insulating layer that emits light away from insulating layer, forming a thin film encapsulating layer surrounding the organic light-emitting unit, and attaching a metal thin film on a bottom portion of the insulating layer.

According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, a method of controlling a foldable display apparatus is provided. In the method, the foldable display apparatus includes a display region disposed in a center portion, and a peripheral region surrounding the display region. The display region includes an imaginary folding line. The peripheral region includes a first sensor and a second sensor, disposed symmetrically over the imaginary folding line. The method further includes obtaining variable electric signals according to a folding state of the foldable display apparatus by using the first sensor unit and the second sensor unit, and controlling the foldable display apparatus based on the obtained electric signals.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a foldable display apparatus according to an embodiment of the inventive concept.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along A-A′ in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting unit 23 in FIG. 2 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along B-B′ in FIG. 1.

FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C illustrate the relationship between a folding state of a foldable display apparatus 10 and capacitance of a capacitor.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a control unit 60 for controlling a foldable display apparatus 10 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept; and

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a foldable display apparatus in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to the like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description.

It will be understood that although the terms “first”, “second”, etc. may be used herein to describe various components, these components should not be limited by these terms. These components are only used to distinguish one component from another.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising” used herein specify the presence of stated features or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features or components.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a foldable display apparatus in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. A foldable display apparatus 10 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment may be a foldable or otherwise flexible display apparatus. Referring to FIG. 1, the foldable display apparatus 10 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment may include a display region 11 disposed at a center portion for displaying an image and a peripheral region 12 surrounding the display region 11. The foldable display apparatus may be folded, for example, along an imaginary folding line 13. The foldable display apparatus 10 may further include a first sensor unit 14 a and a second sensor unit 14 b, disposed symmetrically with respect to the folding line 13. The first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b may be provided in the peripheral region 12 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. However, the position of the sensor is not limited thereto, and could be disposed at various positions in the peripheral region or the display region.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along A-A′ in FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 2, the foldable display apparatus 10 may include a substrate 20 including a metal thin film 21 and an insulating layer 22 provided on the metal thin film 21, an organic light-emitting unit 23 formed on the insulating layer 22 and emitting light in a direction away from the substrate 20, and a thin film encapsulating layer 24 for encapsulating the organic light-emitting unit 23.

A method of manufacturing foldable display apparatus 10, with reference to FIG. 2, will now be described. First, an insulating layer 22 may be formed. Then, an organic light-emitting unit 23 emitting light in a direction away from the insulating layer 22 may be formed on the insulating layer 22. A thin film encapsulating layer 24 for encapsulating the organic light-emitting unit 23 may be formed over organic light-emitting unit 23. A metal thin film 21 may be attached on the bottom portion of the insulating layer 22. The upper structure of the insulating layer 22 may include organic light-emitting unit 23 and thin film encapsulating layer 24, which are disposed on insulating layer 22.

In the manufacturing method described above, the forming order of each structure is not limited thereto. For example, after forming the insulating layer 22 and the upper structure of the insulating layer 22 as described above, the metal thin film 21 may be attached on the bottom portion of the insulating layer 22. Alternatively, the metal thin film 21 may be formed first, and the insulating layer 22 and the upper structure of the insulating layer 22 may be formed on the metal thin film 21. These are mere examples and one having ordinary skill in the art would appreciate the many permutations that exist in the forming order of the manufacturing method described above.

Although not illustrated in FIG. 2, at least one interlayer insulating layer may be further formed between the substrate 20 and the thin film encapsulating layer 24 to passivate the foldable display apparatus 10. The first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b may be formed on the metal thin film 21. However, the positions of the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b in a cross-sectional view are not limited thereto, and may be positioned on any layer illustrated in FIG. 2.

In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, the metal thin film 21 may include stainless steel (SUS). The metal thin film 21 may be an ultra-thin type metal layer. The metal thin film 21 may be formed having a small thickness so that a flexible or foldable device may be achieved. For example, the metal thin film 21 may be formed having a thickness of about 30 micrometers or less. In another example, the metal thin film 21 may be formed having a thickness in a range of about 5 micrometers to about 30 micrometers.

The ultra-thin metal thin film 21 formed using the SUS material may be flexible and foldable. The metal thin film 21 may be attached on the bottom side of the insulating layer 22 after forming the insulating layer 22 and the upper structure of the insulating layer 22. However, as stated above, ultra-thin metal thin film 21 may be formed at various times in the manufacturing process, and is not limited to the stated forming order.

By attaching the metal thin film 21 to the bottom side of the foldable display apparatus 10, as shown in FIG. 2, distortion or irregular deformation due to heat may be decreased, thereby achieving increased durability, reliability, and safety of the foldable display apparatus 10.

The metal thin film 21 may be attached on the bottom portion of the insulating layer 22. When the surface of the metal thin film 21 is rough or crooked, the thin film devices formed on the upper portion of the insulating layer 22 may be damaged. Thus, a smooth polishing may be used to control the surface roughness of the metal thin film 21, without affecting the lifetime and the reliability of the foldable display apparatus 10. The surface of the metal thin film 21 may be polished by a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method or an electrolytic polishing method. The roughness of the polished metal thin film 21 may be controlled to have a smoothness of a few nanometers.

The insulating layer 22 may be formed by using flexible, plastic materials having good heat-resistance and durability, such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyarylate, polyetherimide, polyethersulfone, polyimide, and similar materials. The materials of the insulating layer 22 of the present invention are not limited thereto, and various flexible materials may be used as the insulating layer 22. The substrate 20 including the metal thin film 21 and the insulating layer 22 may also be flexible.

The organic light-emitting unit 23 may include a thin film transistor and an organic light-emitting device (OLED). FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting unit 23 in FIG. 2 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. Referring to FIG. 3, the organic light-emitting unit 23 may include at least one organic light-emitting device (OLED) 230. The organic light-emitting device (OLED) 230 may include a pixel electrode 233, an opposite electrode 235, which is a common layer, and a light-emitting layer 234 disposed therebetween. The pixel electrode 233 makes an electrical connection with a driving thin film transistor 232 formed on the flexible substrate 20. Although not illustrated in FIG. 3, the organic light-emitting device 230 makes an electrical connection with at least one switching thin film transistor and a storage capacitor to emit light. On the surface of the substrate 20 in FIG. 2, a passivation layer 231 may be formed to prevent the diffusion of impurity ions and the penetration of humidity or external air, and may additionally planarize the surface of substrate 20. The organic light-emitting device (OLED) 230 may be formed on the passivation layer 231.

The structure of the thin film transistor 232 is not limited to the structure illustrated in FIG. 3, and thin film transistors having various structures may be applied.

Referring to FIG. 2 again, the thin film encapsulating layer 24 of FIG. 2 may be a flexible thin film encapsulating layer. The thin film encapsulating layer 24 may be formed as a single inorganic layer, a plurality of inorganic layers, or a mixed-layer structure including the inorganic layer and the organic layer. Even though not illustrated in FIG. 2, the foldable display apparatus 10 may further include a passivation film or a polarizing film on the thin film encapsulating layer 24.

The foldable display apparatus 10 may be flexible, and may be a top emission type displaying an image in the direction away from the substrate 20. The foldable display apparatus 10 may also be a bottom emission type, displaying an image in the direction toward the substrate 20. In accordance with an example embodiment of the inventive concept, the foldable display apparatus may be a top emission type, thus the metal thin film 21 may be attached on the bottom portion of the foldable display apparatus 10. In accordance with another exemplary embodiment, the foldable display apparatus may be a bottom emission type. Thus, the metal thin film 21 may be disposed on the top portion of the foldable display apparatus 10. For simplicity, the foldable display apparatus 10 will be described as being the top emission type henceforth, but not limited thereto.

The sensor units 14 a and 14 b in FIG. 1 may be formed on at least one from among the metal thin film 21, the insulating layer 22 and the thin film encapsulating layer 24. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along B-B′ in FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 4, the sensor units 14 a and 14 b may be formed on the metal thin film 21. For convenience, only the second sensor unit 14 b is illustrated in FIG. 4, however the same structure may be applied for the first sensor unit (not shown).

Referring to FIG. 4, an insulating layer 41 may be formed on the metal thin film 21 so that the metal thin film 21 is insulated from the sensor unit 14 b. However, this configuration is merely exemplary. For example, when the sensor unit 14 b includes an element for insulation, the insulating layer 41 may not be separately provided. The sensor unit 14 b may include an electrode, and wiring electrically connected with the electrode. Even though not illustrated in FIG. 4, the first sensor unit may also include an electrode and a wiring electrically connected with the electrode, and the wirings may be electrically connected to a circuit unit (not shown) to obtain and transfer electric signals from the electrodes to control the foldable display apparatus 10.

The sensor units 14 a and 14 b of FIG. 1 may be formed to be symmetrical with respect to folding line 13 on the foldable display apparatus 10. The pattern and the shape of the electrodes included in the sensor units 14 a and 14 b may be symmetrical with respect to the folding line 13. The size, pattern, and shape of the electrodes may be the same.

Each of the sensor units 14 a and 14 b may face each other and may together form a capacitor when the foldable display apparatus 10 is folded. The capacitance of the capacitor may be dependent on the materials forming the capacitor between two electrodes, the distance between the electrodes, the characteristics of an overlapping area of the two electrodes, among other factors. Accordingly, the degree of overlap of the two sensor units 14 a and 14 b, changes in the distance between the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b, and other characteristics of the display may be attained by measuring the capacitance of the capacitor including the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b. Without specific limitation, the capacitor may mean the capacitor formed by the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b, set forth below.

The capacitance of the capacitor may vary according to the folding state of the foldable display apparatus 10. The first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b may output variable electric signals according to the folding state of the foldable display apparatus 10. From the electric signals acquired from the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b, the capacitance of the capacitor may be obtained. In addition, from the obtained capacitance, the folding or unfolding state of the foldable display apparatus 10 may be attained. Further, when considering the folding degree or the folding direction of the foldable display apparatus 10, the complete or incomplete folding of the foldable display apparatus 10 or the dislocation of (partial overlap in) a folded direction may be also recognized. As described above, the folding state of the foldable display apparatus 10 may be recognized from the output electric signals of the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b.

FIGS. 5A to 5C illustrate the relationship between a folding state of a foldable display apparatus 10 and capacitance of a capacitor. In FIGS. 5A to 5C, the positions of the electrode 42 a of the first sensor unit 14 a and the electrode 42 b of the second sensor unit 14 b according to the folding state of the foldable display apparatus 10 are illustrated, although the electrode 42 a and the electrode 42 b are not specifically labeled.

FIG. 5A illustrates the positions of electrode 42 a and electrode 42 b when foldable display apparatus 10 is folded in a way in which the electrode 42 a and the electrode 42 b completely overlap. In FIG. 5A, the width 51 a of an overlapping region of the electrode 42 a and the electrode 42 b, and the distance 52 a between the electrode 42 a and the electrode 42 b are illustrated.

In FIG. 5B, an incomplete folding state of the foldable display apparatus 10 is illustrated. Referring to FIG. 5B, the width 51 b of an overlapping region of the electrode 42 a and the electrode 42 b may be the same as the width 51 a in FIG. 5A. However, the distance 52 b between the electrode 42 a and the electrode 42 b may be greater than the distance 52 a in FIG. 5A. Since the capacitance of a capacitor is inversely proportional to the distance between the two electrodes, the capacitance in FIG. 5B may be smaller than that in FIG. 5A.

FIG. 5C illustrates a folding state of the foldable display apparatus 10 with dislocation (only partial overlap of the electrode 42 a and the electrode 42 b). Referring to FIG. 5C, the distance 52 c between the electrode 42 a and the electrode 42 b may be the same as the distance 52 a in FIG. 5A. However, the width 51 c of an overlapping area of the electrode 42 a and the electrode 42 b is smaller than the width 51 a in FIG. 5A. Since the capacitance of a capacitor is proportional to the overlapping area of the two electrodes, the capacitance in FIG. 5C may be smaller than the capacitance in FIG. 5A.

As described above referring to FIGS. 5A to 5C, the capacitance between the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b may be different according to the folding state of the foldable display apparatus 10, and, thus, the electric signal values obtained by the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b may also be different according to the folding state of the foldable display apparatus 10. In this manner, the folding state of the foldable display apparatus 10 may be ascertained by using the electric signals obtained by the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a control unit 60 for controlling a foldable display apparatus 10 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept. The control unit 60 may control certain aspects of the foldable display apparatus 10 based on the output electric signals from the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b as explained above.

Referring to FIG. 6, the control unit 60 may include a capacitance obtaining unit 61, an area computing unit 62, and a display control unit 63. The capacitance obtaining unit 61 may obtain the capacitance of a capacitor based on the output electric signals from the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b. The control unit 60 may control certain aspects of the foldable display apparatus 10 based on the capacitance obtained by the capacitance obtaining unit 61.

For example, the control unit 60 may operate a preset warning operation when the capacitance of the capacitor is greater than or equal to a first reference value and less than a second reference value. As described above, the capacitance of a capacitor may be dependent on the distance between the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b, an overlapping area therebetween, and various other factors. When the capacitance of the capacitor is greater than or equal to the first reference value, the foldable display apparatus 10 is considered by the control unit 60 as being in a folded state, and when the capacitance is less than the second reference value, the foldable display apparatus 10 is considered by the control unit 60 as being in an incompletely folded state. The control unit 60 may additionally perform a preset warning operation so a user may recognize an incomplete folding of the foldable display apparatus 10.

The area computing unit 62 may ascertain the facing area of the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b based on electric signals that are output by the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b. The facing area is the overlapping area of both electrodes of the capacitor.

In accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the control unit 60 may control certain aspects of the foldable display apparatus 10 based on the area obtained by the area computing unit 62.

For example, when the obtained area of the area computing unit 62 is greater than or equal to a preset first reference value and less than a preset second reference value, the control unit 60 may perform a preset warning operation. When the overlapping area of both electrodes of the capacitor is greater than or equal to the first reference value, the foldable display apparatus 10 is considered by the area computing unit 62 as being in a folded state, and when the overlapping area of both electrodes of the capacitor is less than the second reference value, the foldable display apparatus 10 is considered by the area computing unit 62 as being in an incompletely folded state, that is, a partially folded state or a folded state with dislocation (partial overlap). In the case of an incomplete folding state, the control unit 60 may perform a preset warning operation so a user may recognize an incomplete folding of the foldable display apparatus 10.

The warning operation may be performed by outputting a warning sound or by displaying a warning image on a display region, but the warning operation is not limited thereto.

The display control unit 63 may control the display of the foldable display apparatus 10. For example, when the capacitance obtained by the capacitance obtaining unit 61 or the area obtained by the area computing unit 62 is greater than or equal to the second reference value, the display control unit 63 may control the foldable display apparatus 10 in a manner so as not to display an image. That is, when the capacitance or the area is greater than or equal to the second reference value, the foldable display apparatus 10 may be considered by the display control unit 63 as being in a completely folded state within an allowable error range. In this case, the foldable display apparatus 10 may be controlled so as not to display an image.

A user may fold the foldable display apparatus 10 when carrying or storing the foldable display apparatus 10. When the foldable display apparatus 10 is considered by the control unit 60 as being in a folded state, the foldable display apparatus 10 may be controlled in a manner so as not to display an image, thus improving the convenience and providing efficient power management.

The control unit 60, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, may include a look-up table for storing the relationship data between the electric signals obtained from the sensor units 14 a and 14 b and the controlling method of the foldable display apparatus 10 in a dictionary. By using the look-up table, the control unit 60 may determine the controls to be applied to the foldable display apparatus 10 based on the electric signals obtained from the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b.

The look-up table may store the relationship data between the electric signals obtained from the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b, and the control method of the foldable display apparatus 10, but is not limited thereto. The look-up table may store the relationship data between the capacitance obtained by the capacitance obtaining unit 51 and the controlling method of the foldable display apparatus 10, and may store the relationship data between the computed area by the area computing unit 62 and the control method of the foldable display apparatus 10.

The use of the look-up table as described above is just an exemplary embodiment in which the control unit 60 controls the foldable display apparatus 10 based on the electric signals obtained from the sensor units 14 a and 14 b. However, the method in which the control unit 60 controls certain aspects of the foldable display apparatus 10 based on the electric signals obtained from the sensor units 14 a and 14 b is not limited thereto.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a foldable display apparatus in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to FIG. 7, the foldable display apparatus 10 in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept may include a display region 11 for displaying an image, and a first sensor unit 14 a and a second sensor unit 14 b, disposed symmetrical with respect to an imaginary folding line 13. In accordance with an embodiment of the inventive concept, the first sensor unit 14 a and the second sensor unit 14 b may be provided on the display region 11.

As described above, damage of a display apparatus due to heat generated while displaying an image or an external impact may be minimized by including a metal thin film 21 on the bottom portion of the foldable display apparatus 10 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept. In accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, the foldable display apparatus 10 may recognize the folding of the foldable display apparatus 10 by obtaining the capacitance of a capacitor formed by the sensor units 14 a and 14 b, which are symmetrical with respect to a folding line. In addition, the completeness of the folding of the foldable display apparatus 10 may be recognized based on the capacitance value, and the foldable display apparatus 10 may be efficiently controlled and managed according to the recognized folding state.

The foldable display apparatus 10 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept may be applied in various electronic products such as a tablet PC, a portable terminal, an electronic book, and the like.

It should be understood that the exemplary embodiments described therein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments.

While one or more embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims. 

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A display apparatus comprising: an insulating layer; a metal film on a first surface of the insulating layer; an organic light-emitting unit on a second surface of the insulating layer, the second surface opposing the first surface; and an encapsulating layer on the organic light-emitting unit.
 22. The display apparatus of claim 21, wherein the metal film comprises stainless steel.
 23. The display apparatus of claim 21, wherein a thickness of the metal film is in a range of about 5 micrometers to about 30 micrometers.
 24. The display apparatus of claim 21, wherein the metal film comprises a polished surface.
 25. The display apparatus of claim 21, wherein the encapsulating layer comprises at least one inorganic layer.
 26. The display apparatus of claim 21, wherein the encapsulating layer comprises at least one organic layer and at least one inorganic layer.
 27. The display apparatus of claim 26, wherein the at least one organic layer and the at least one inorganic layer are alternately stacked.
 28. The display apparatus of claim 21, further comprising: a polarizing member on the encapsulating layer.
 29. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising: a passivation member on the encapsulating layer.
 30. The display apparatus of claim 21, further comprising: a passivation layer between the substrate and the organic light-emitting layer.
 31. The display apparatus of claim 21, wherein the insulating layer comprises at least one plastic material.
 32. The display apparatus of claim 21, wherein the insulating layer comprises at least one of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyarylate, polyetherimide, polyethersulfone, and polyimide.
 33. The display apparatus of claim 21, wherein the display apparatus is configured to be folded such that the insulating layer is disposed between overlapping portions of the metal film.
 34. The display apparatus of claim 21, wherein the display apparatus is configured to be folded such that the metal film is disposed between overlapping portions of the insulating layer.
 35. The display apparatus of claim 21, further comprising: a first sensor on at least one of the metal film, the insulating layer, the organic light-emitting layer, and the encapsulating layer; and a second sensor on at least one of the metal film, the insulating layer, the organic light-emitting layer, and the encapsulating layer.
 36. The display apparatus of claim 35, wherein: the display apparatus comprises a display region and a peripheral region outside the display region; and the first sensor and the second sensor are disposed in the peripheral region.
 37. The display apparatus of claim 35, wherein: the display apparatus comprises a display region and a peripheral region outside the display region; and the first sensor and the second sensor are disposed in the display region.
 38. The display apparatus of claim 35, wherein: the first sensor and the second sensor are configured to output variable electric signals according to a folded state of the display apparatus; and the display apparatus further comprises a controller configured to control the display apparatus based on the variable electric signals.
 39. The display apparatus of claim 38, wherein the controller is configured to: determine a capacitance between the first sensor and the second sensor; and control the display apparatus based on the capacitance.
 40. A display apparatus comprising: a substrate comprising an insulating layer and a metal film on a first surface of the insulating layer; an organic light-emitting unit on a second surface of the insulating layer, the second surface opposing the first surface; and an encapsulating layer on the organic light-emitting unit. 